The Ninety-Nine Names99 Names, home
Name 81 of 99
المنتقم

The Avenger

Al-Muntaqim

The comfortable death — a case not closed.

Meaning

From n-q-m. Ibn Fāris: a small origin that indicates disapproving of a thing and finding fault with it; niqmah is punishment and retribution, as though one disapproved of a man and so punished him. The definite Name is not in the Qurʼan, and in the six ḥadīth editions it stands only in the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507. The iftiʻāl pattern of the root stands 13 times and every one is of Allah: dhū ntiqām 4 times, each after ʻazīz; the verb 6 times; muntaqimūn 3 times. The simple verb stands 4 times, every one people resenting nothing but faith or a bounty (5:59, 7:126, 9:74, 85:8). Aṭ-Ṭabarī at 5:95: His retribution is His punishing whoever disobeys Him for the disobedience. The Avenger is the author’s English: the root carries no private grievance, the punishment follows disapproval.

Root n-q-m — disapproval of a thing and finding fault with it

Counted on the Tanzil text, every word read in its verse: n-q-m 17 words, 29 look-alikes excluded. The iftiʻāl pattern, all of Allah, 13: dhū ntiqām 4 (3:4, 5:95, 14:47, 39:37), each after ʻazīz; the verb 6 (7:136, 15:79, 30:47, 43:25, 43:55, and fa-yantaqimu llāhu at 5:95); muntaqimūn 3 (32:22, 43:41, 44:16). Min names the object in 8 of the 9 verbs and participles; 44:16 stands without it. The simple verb, all of people, 4, each followed by illā (5:59, 7:126, 9:74, 85:8). Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs (Hārūn 5/464): a small origin indicating disapproval of a thing and finding fault with it. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: ʻazīz, none prevents Him from the one He wills to punish (3:4, 14:47); al-ʻAzīz at 85:8, severe in His retribution; tanqimu at 7:126, what you disapprove of and hold against us; āsafūnā at 43:55, they angered Us; 43:41 read of the idolaters of Quraysh; the greatest assault at 44:16 recorded as Badr and as the Resurrection. The six ḥadīth editions: al-muntaqim only in the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507, not in Ibn Mājah 3861; Allah says the verb of Himself at at-Tirmidhī 2561 and 3340; the Messenger of Allah ﷺ never took retribution for himself (al-Bukhārī 6126, 3560, 6786, 6853; Muslim 2327a, 2328a; Abū Dāwūd 4785); Ibn Masʻūd at al-Bukhārī 4821 and 4822 reads 44:16 of Badr; niqmah in supplications at Muslim 2739, Abū Dāwūd 1545 and an-Nasāʼī 1346; the simple verb of people at al-Bukhārī 1468 and 5276, Ibn Mājah 1568 and Muslim 1828a. Duʻāʼ: Muslim 1828a; Muslim 2739. Reports: Muslim 2581; al-Bukhārī 1496; al-Bukhārī 6126; at-Tirmidhī 2561.

Story

The man who burned the eastern quarter died at eighty-six in clean linen, attended by a physician, in a country with no interest in extraditing him. He was never tried. In his last decades he had endowed a wing of a hospital, and the notice in the paper called him a merchant and a philanthropist and gave his age.

Most of the people he had made homeless were dead by then. The few who were not had grown old carrying an injury the world had simply declined to write down. Saliha’s grandmother was one of them. She had been eleven that night.

What she remembered was not the flame. It was the sound the roof beams made going over, and a neighbor’s canary turning and turning in its cage in the middle of the street, where somebody had set it down and not come back for it.

She gave testimony once, in her thirties, to a commission. She was thanked, and given tea, and nothing came of it, and she never told it formally again.

What ate at her was never the house. It was the accounting — the flat fact that a man could do that and finish his life comfortably, and that the ledger of the world would show, against his name, nothing at all.

“They tell me to let it go,” she said to Saliha near the end. “They don’t understand what they’re asking. They’re asking me to agree that it did not matter. I will forgive him; I want for him what I’d want for myself. I will not pretend the scales are level. They are not. Saying they are is a second insult to everyone who burned.”

And then, because Saliha was crying and she was not: “He wasn’t let off, child. He was let be. There is a difference, and it is the whole of the difference — he was given room.” She turned her palm up on the blanket, the way you do when you have finished handing something over. “I gave my statement once to men who wrote it down and lost it. I have given it since to Someone whose files do not go missing. It has been heard. That was all that was ever wrong with it. Nobody had heard it.”

She died holding both things at once, which is harder than holding either. It was long after the funeral before Saliha understood that this had been her grandmother’s peace — not a scale set level, but a case moved to a court that loses nothing, and has not yet sat.

Poem

Nine hundred and fifty years among them.
Not nine hundred and fifty years of silence before the water —
nine hundred and fifty years of being asked.
Night and day, he said. I called them night and day.
Aloud in the open; then quietly, between himself and them,
in case the open air had been the problem.

Every time he called them, so that they might be forgiven,
they put their fingers in their ears
and wrapped themselves in their garments
and dug in, and made themselves large about it.
That is the Book’s own detail, and it is not a figure of speech:
the ears stopped by hand, the cloth drawn down,
the deliberate physical labor of not hearing.

And what was on offer, all that time?
Seek forgiveness of your Lord — truly He is Ever-Forgiving.
He will send the sky over you in streams,
and increase you in wealth and sons,
and give you gardens, and give you rivers.
Rain. Rain was what was on the table for every one of those years.
Rain offered. Rain refused. Rain, at the end, arriving unasked,
the gates of the sky opened on the same water.

And it did not come at the end of His patience.
The word was given to Nūḥ himself —
none of your people will believe now, except those who already have —
the case closed not by exhaustion but by knowledge;
and the man who had spent nine hundred and fifty years asking for them
asked, at the end, for something else.

The Book will not name Him the Avenger and leave it standing.
It says Dhū intiqām — the One to whom retribution belongs;
and twice the participle comes with its object already named:
from the guilty; from them —
We will exact retribution.
Retribution owned, not retribution let loose.
The evil deed is repaid with its like, and no more.

Reflection

The Reckoning

Begin with what the root actually does. N-q-m does not start at punishment. It starts at disapproving of a thing and finding fault with it, and Ibn Fāris says niqmah, punishment, is named from that, as though one disapproved of a man and so punished him. Here the Qurʼan lays a trap for anyone who wants to read this Name as divine temper, because it also records what human beings do with the same verb. The magicians who had gone down in prostration, to Pharaoh: And you resent us for nothing but that we believed in the signs of our Lord when they came to us. The people of the ditch, who tried the believers by fire: And they resented them for nothing but that they believed in Allah, the Mighty, the Praiseworthy. The hypocrites: And they resented nothing but that Allah and His Messenger had enriched them out of His bounty. And the People of the Book are asked the same question at 5:59. Four times the Book gives the simple verb to people, and all four resent nothing but faith or a bounty. The verb is not the problem. Whose hand it is in is the entire problem.

Then notice what the Qurʼan will not say. It never says al-Muntaqim, the definite Name, at all; in the six ḥadīth editions it stands only in the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507. Four times it says Dhū intiqām — Possessor of Retribution — and four times ʻazīz stands before it, which aṭ-Ṭabarī reads as the might that nothing can hold back from the one He wills to punish. Nine times the verb or the participle is said of Him, and eight of the nine name who it falls on: from them, from those who committed crimes, from the guilty. The ninth closes the Day of the greatest assault, which Ibn Masʻūd read as the Day of Badr. Not the Avenger, at large. The Avenger of that, from those. And every one of the thirteen is His: the Book never gives this form of the word to a creature. Retribution lands exactly where it is owed only when it is His — which is precisely what our retribution so often fails to do.

There is a modern instinct to be embarrassed by this Name, to keep it out of respect for the list and hurry past it. The embarrassment assumes that a Lord who answers wrong is smaller than a Lord who only overlooks it. Turn it around and look from underneath, from where the wronged are standing. A mercy that cannot be moved to justice is not mercy; it is indifference wearing mercy’s coat, and its first victims are the people who burned. Then look at the arithmetic He published at 6:160: a good deed brings ten like it, an evil deed is repaid only with its like, and no one is wronged. Ten to one in the one direction — a floor beneath it and no ceiling above. Exactly one to one in the other. At 78:26 He calls it a recompense precisely fitted, jazāʼan wifāqā. His mercy multiplies. His retribution, by His own word, does not go past the like.

Which leaves the hard fact that the comfortable deathbed in the story raises: that the fitting is not always done here, and is often visibly not done here. The Messenger ﷺ named this directly. Truly Allah gives respite to the wrongdoer, until, when He seizes him, he does not escape; and he recited: Such is the seizure of your Lord when He seizes the towns while they are committing wrong. Indeed, His seizure is painful and severe. Read the whole sentence before taking either comfort or offense from half of it. The long quiet is not acquittal and it is not oversight. It is the respite. And as for testimony no commission preserved: And beware the supplication of the wronged, for there is no veil between him and Allah. Not a thin veil. None. The statement nobody filed went straight up.

Now the part that decides whether you have understood this Name or merely enjoyed it. Everything above is a consolation only if you are certain you appear on no one else’s ledger. The Messenger ﷺ asked his Companions: Do you know who the bankrupt one is? They gave the obvious answer: one with no coin and no goods. He said: The bankrupt one of my community is he who comes on the Day of Resurrection with prayer, fasting and charity — and comes having cursed this one, slandered that one, consumed the wealth of another, shed the blood of another and struck another; so this one is given of his good deeds and that one of his good deeds, and if his good deeds run out before what he owes is settled, their sins are taken and thrown upon him, and then he is thrown into the Fire. A man can pray his whole life and still be paid out to his creditors. There is no third category. You are on the ledger as a claimant and you are on it as a debtor, and only one of those two positions is still open to you to change. Settle what can be settled while settling is still cheap — return the thing, ask the person, say the sentence. And for what you cannot reach, notice where the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507 puts the Pardoner: directly after the Avenger, and not before Him.

Nothing done to you has gone unrecorded, and nothing you have done has either. Take the debtor’s side of it to Him tonight, while taking it is still accepted.

Qurʼan

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ شَدِيدٌ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انتِقَامٍ

Truly those who disbelieve in the signs of Allah will have a severe punishment. And Allah is Mighty, Possessor of Retribution.

3:4 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Dhū ntiqām after ʻazīz, as at its three other places (5:95, 14:47, 39:37). Aṭ-Ṭabarī: ʻazīz in His authority, none preventing Him from the one He wills to punish, and dhū ntiqām from whoever denied His proofs after they were established and clear to him; Muḥammad ibn Jaʻfar ibn az-Zubayr: Allah takes retribution from whoever disbelieves in His signs after knowing them.

وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّن ذُكِّرَ بِآيَاتِ رَبِّهِ ثُمَّ أَعْرَضَ عَنْهَا ۚ إِنَّا مِنَ الْمُجْرِمِينَ مُنتَقِمُونَ

And who is more unjust than one who is reminded of the signs of his Lord, then turns away from them? Truly We will exact retribution from the guilty.

32:22 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Muntaqimūn with its object before it, mina l-mujrimīn. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: who is more unjust to himself than one whom Allah admonished with His proofs, the verses of His Book and His messengers, and who turned from it all; the mujrimūn are those who earned sins and committed evil deeds.

يَوْمَ نَبْطِشُ الْبَطْشَةَ الْكُبْرَىٰ إِنَّا مُنتَقِمُونَ

On the Day We strike with the greatest assault — truly We will exact retribution.

44:16 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Of the nine verbs and participles of this form said of Allah, the one with no object named. Aṭ-Ṭabarī records the greatest assault read as the Day of Badr (Ibn Masʻūd, Masrūq, Mujāhid, Abū l-ʻĀliyah, Ubayy ibn Kaʻb, aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk, Ibn Zayd, and Ibn ʻAbbās by one route) and as the Day of Resurrection (Ibn ʻAbbās by ʻIkrimah, and al-Ḥasan); his own paraphrase places it in this world, killing by the sword. In al-Bukhārī 4822 Ibn Masʻūd says: then Allah took retribution from them on the Day of Badr.

فَإِمَّا نَذْهَبَنَّ بِكَ فَإِنَّا مِنْهُم مُنتَقِمُونَ

And whether We take you away, truly We will exact retribution from them.

43:41 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Muntaqimūn with its object before it, minhum. Aṭ-Ṭabarī records two readings: al-Ḥasan and Qatādah take it of the Prophet’s ﷺ community after him, a retribution Allah spared him seeing; as-Suddī takes it of the idolaters of Quraysh, as with the nations before. He prefers the second, because the passage speaks of the idolaters.

لِيَذُوقَ وَبَالَ أَمْرِهِ ۗ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَمَّا سَلَفَ ۚ وَمَنْ عَادَ فَيَنْتَقِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقَامٍ

So that he may taste the consequence of his deed. Allah has pardoned what is past; and whoever returns, Allah will exact retribution from him. And Allah is Mighty, Possessor of Retribution.

5:95 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

The verb and the phrase in one close, with ʻafā, the root of Name 82, just before. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: Allah pardoned the game killed in the Jāhiliyyah, and whoever returns to it in Islam after the prohibition, Allah takes retribution from him, and he still owes the expiation; dhū ntiqām is His punishing whoever disobeys Him for the disobedience.

فَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّ اللَّهَ مُخْلِفَ وَعْدِهِ رُسُلَهُ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ ذُو انْتِقَامٍ

So do not think that Allah will fail His messengers in His promise. Truly Allah is Mighty, Possessor of Retribution.

14:47 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Dhū ntiqām after ʻazīz. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: ʻazīz, nothing holds back from Him the one whose punishment He wills, and none escapes Him by flight; dhū ntiqām from whoever disbelieved in His messengers, denied them and associated others with Him.

وَمَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَمَا لَهُ مِنْ مُضِلٍّ ۗ أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِعَزِيزٍ ذِي انْتِقَامٍ

And whomever Allah guides, there is none to lead him astray. Is not Allah Mighty, Possessor of Retribution?

39:37 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

The one place dhū ntiqām stands in a question, bi-ʻazīzin dhī ntiqām. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: is not Allah mighty in His retribution on the disbelievers among His creation, Possessor of Retribution from His enemies who deny His oneness.

فَانْتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ فَأَغْرَقْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ بِأَنَّهُمْ كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِنَا وَكَانُوا عَنْهَا غَافِلِينَ

So We exacted retribution from them and drowned them in the sea, because they denied Our signs and were heedless of them.

7:136 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Of Pharaoh’s people. Aṭ-Ṭabarī glosses intaqamnā minhum as intaṣarnā minhum, bringing Our niqmah down on them, which is His punishment, after they broke their covenants; al-yamm is the sea.

فَانْتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ وَإِنَّهُمَا لَبِإِمَامٍ مُبِينٍ

So We exacted retribution from them; and the two of them lie on a clear road.

15:79 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Of the people of the Thicket. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: We took retribution from the wrongdoers among them; the two are the city of the people of the Thicket and the city of the people of Lūṭ, on a road travellers follow, clear to whoever follows it.

وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِكَ رُسُلًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِمْ فَجَاءُوهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ فَانْتَقَمْنَا مِنَ الَّذِينَ أَجْرَمُوا ۖ وَكَانَ حَقًّا عَلَيْنَا نَصْرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ

And We sent before you messengers to their peoples, and they came to them with clear proofs; then We exacted retribution from those who committed crimes. And it was ever binding upon Us to help the believers.

30:47 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Aṭ-Ṭabarī: consolation for the Prophet ﷺ in what the messengers before him met from their peoples, and a lesson that Allah does the same with the criminals of his own; We took retribution from those who earned sins, and saved those who believed. Name 51 carries the close of the āyah.

فَانْتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ ۖ فَانْظُرْ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الْمُكَذِّبِينَ

So We exacted retribution from them; so see how was the end of the deniers.

43:25 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Aṭ-Ṭabarī: from the peoples who denied their messengers, by bringing the punishment down on them. Qatādah: He seized them with the earth swallowing them and with drowning, destroyed them, and then entered them into the Fire.

فَلَمَّا آسَفُونَا انْتَقَمْنَا مِنْهُمْ فَأَغْرَقْنَاهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ

And when they angered Us, We exacted retribution from them and drowned them all.

43:55 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Of Pharaoh’s people. Āsafūnā, they angered Us, in aṭ-Ṭabarī from Ibn ʻAbbās, Mujāhid, Qatādah, as-Suddī and Ibn Zayd; Ibn Zayd: We took retribution from them with the punishment hastened to them, and drowned them all in the sea.

قُلْ يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ هَلْ تَنْقِمُونَ مِنَّا إِلَّا أَنْ آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْنَا وَمَا أُنْزِلَ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَأَنَّ أَكْثَرَكُمْ فَاسِقُونَ

Say: O People of the Book, do you resent us for anything but that we believe in Allah and in what was sent down to us and what was sent down before, and that most of you are defiantly disobedient?

5:59 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

The simple verb, said of people. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: do you dislike anything in us, or hold anything against us; the Arabs say naqamtu ʻalayka kadhā, and naqimtu is another dialect of it, meaning to hold against and to dislike.

وَمَا تَنْقِمُ مِنَّا إِلَّا أَنْ آمَنَّا بِآيَاتِ رَبِّنَا لَمَّا جَاءَتْنَا ۚ رَبَّنَا أَفْرِغْ عَلَيْنَا صَبْرًا وَتَوَفَّنَا مُسْلِمِينَ

And you resent us for nothing but that we believed in the signs of our Lord when they came to us. Our Lord, pour patience upon us and take us in death as ones who submit.

7:126 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Said by the magicians to Pharaoh. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: they answered him when he threatened them with the cross and the cutting of hands and feet; what you disapprove of in us and hold against us is only that we believed. ʻUbayd ibn ʻUmayr, Qatādah and Mujāhid: sorcerers at the start of the day, martyrs at its end.

وَمَا نَقَمُوا إِلَّا أَنْ أَغْنَاهُمُ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ ۚ فَإِنْ يَتُوبُوا يَكُ خَيْرًا لَهُمْ

And they resented nothing but that Allah and His Messenger had enriched them out of His bounty. So if they repent, it will be better for them.

9:74 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Said of the hypocrites. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: they held nothing against the Messenger of Allah ﷺ but that Allah and His Messenger had enriched them; ʻUrwah names al-Julās ibn Suwayd, given the blood-money of a freedman of his, and Qatādah ʻAbd Allāh ibn Ubayy. Al-Bukhārī 1468 has the same construction of a man who withheld zakāt: Ibn Jamīl resents nothing but that he was poor and Allah and His Messenger enriched him.

وَمَا نَقَمُوا مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا أَنْ يُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ الْعَزِيزِ الْحَمِيدِ

And they resented them for nothing but that they believed in Allah, the Mighty, the Praiseworthy.

85:8 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Said of the people of the ditch. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: they held nothing against the believers they tried by fire, and did what they did to them, for no reason but that they believed; and al-ʻAzīz here is the One severe in His retribution on whomever He takes retribution from. Name 50 prints this āyah with the two around it.

Dua

اللَّهُمَّ مَنْ وَلِيَ مِنْ أَمْرِ أُمَّتِي شَيْئًا فَشَقَّ عَلَيْهِمْ فَاشْقُقْ عَلَيْهِ وَمَنْ وَلِيَ مِنْ أَمْرِ أُمَّتِي شَيْئًا فَرَفَقَ بِهِمْ فَارْفُقْ بِهِ

O Allah, whoever takes charge of anything of the affair of my ummah and is hard on them, be hard on him; and whoever takes charge of anything of the affair of my ummah and is gentle with them, be gentle with him.

Muslim 1828a · ṣaḥīḥ

From ʻAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn Shumāsah: he came to ʻĀʼishah, who asked how the man over them had been to them in their campaign; he answered mā naqamnā minhu shayʼan, we resented nothing of him, the simple verb of this root, and she said that what that man had done to her brother Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr would not keep her from telling what she heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say in her house. The supplication itself has no word of the root. Name 77 carries it among its reports.

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ زَوَالِ نِعْمَتِكَ وَتَحَوُّلِ عَافِيَتِكَ وَفُجَاءَةِ نِقْمَتِكَ وَجَمِيعِ سَخَطِكَ

O Allah, I seek refuge in You from the withdrawal of Your blessing, from the turning of the well-being You gave, from the suddenness of Your retribution, and from all Your displeasure.

Muslim 2739 · ṣaḥīḥ

From Ibn ʻUmar: among the supplications of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Niqmah, retribution, is this root’s noun, asked of Allah as a thing to be kept from, and fujāʼah its suddenness. Abū Dāwūd 1545 has it with taḥwīl for taḥawwul (ṣaḥīḥ by al-Albānī, Muḥammad Muḥyī ad-Dīn ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd and Shuʻayb al-Arnaʼūṭ; Darussalam refers it to Muslim). An-Nasāʼī 1346 has wa-aʻūdhu bi-ʻafwika min niqmatika, I seek refuge in Your pardon from Your retribution, in Kaʻb’s report that Dāwūd said it after his prayer and Ṣuhayb’s that Muḥammad ﷺ did; ḍaʻīf isnād by Abū Ghuddah and al-Albānī, isnād ḥasan by Darussalam.

Hadith

أَتَدْرُونَ مَا الْمُفْلِسُ … إِنَّ الْمُفْلِسَ مِنْ أُمَّتِي يَأْتِي يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ بِصَلَاةٍ وَصِيَامٍ وَزَكَاةٍ وَيَأْتِي قَدْ شَتَمَ هَٰذَا وَقَذَفَ هَٰذَا وَأَكَلَ مَالَ هَٰذَا وَسَفَكَ دَمَ هَٰذَا وَضَرَبَ هَٰذَا فَيُعْطَىٰ هَٰذَا مِنْ حَسَنَاتِهِ وَهَٰذَا مِنْ حَسَنَاتِهِ فَإِنْ فَنِيَتْ حَسَنَاتُهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُقْضَىٰ مَا عَلَيْهِ أُخِذَ مِنْ خَطَايَاهُمْ فَطُرِحَتْ عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ طُرِحَ فِي النَّارِ

Do you know who the bankrupt one is? … The bankrupt one of my community is he who comes on the Day of Resurrection with prayer, fasting and charity — and comes having cursed this one, slandered that one, consumed the wealth of another, shed the blood of another and struck another; so this one is given of his good deeds and that one of his good deeds, and if his good deeds run out before what he owes is settled, their sins are taken and thrown upon him, and then he is thrown into the Fire.

Muslim 2581 · ṣaḥīḥ

From Abū Hurayrah. The ellipsis stands for the Companions’ answer, that the bankrupt among them is one with no dirham and no goods, and for fa-qāla. The report has no word of this root; it is the settling of claims at the reckoning, each claimant paid from the debtor’s good deeds.

وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْلُومِ فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ اللَّهِ حِجَابٌ

And beware the supplication of the wronged, for there is no veil between him and Allah.

al-Bukhārī 1496 · ṣaḥīḥ

From Ibn ʻAbbās: the close of the charge to Muʻādh ibn Jabal when he was sent to Yemen. Al-Bukhārī 1496 reads fa-innahu laysa baynahu, the pronoun going back to the wronged; Muslim 19a reads laysa baynahā, and al-Bukhārī 2448, a short form, fa-innahā laysa baynahā, both going back to the supplication. Muslim 19c, through Ismāʻīl ibn Umayyah, stops at avoiding the best of their wealth and does not carry the clause. The report has no word of this root.

وَمَا انْتَقَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِنَفْسِهِ فِي شَيْءٍ قَطُّ إِلَّا أَنْ تُنْتَهَكَ حُرْمَةُ اللَّهِ فَيَنْتَقِمَ بِهَا لِلَّهِ

And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ never took retribution for himself in anything at all, unless something Allah has made sacred was violated; then he would take retribution for it, for Allah.

al-Bukhārī 6126 · ṣaḥīḥ

From ʻĀʼishah, whose report opens: he was never given a choice between two things but he took the easier, so long as it was not a sin. The root’s verb said of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ twice, refused for himself and done for Allah. Al-Bukhārī 3560, 6786 and 6853 and Abū Dāwūd 4785 carry it in other wordings; Muslim 2327a closes at ḥurmatu llāhi ʻazza wa-jall without the last clause, and Muslim 2328a has nothing was ever taken from him and he took retribution from the one who took it, unless something of what Allah made sacred was violated, and then he took retribution for Allah.

احْتَجَّتِ الْجَنَّةُ وَالنَّارُ فَقَالَتِ الْجَنَّةُ يَدْخُلُنِي الضُّعَفَاءُ وَالْمَسَاكِينُ وَقَالَتِ النَّارُ يَدْخُلُنِي الْجَبَّارُونَ وَالْمُتَكَبِّرُونَ فَقَالَ لِلنَّارِ أَنْتِ عَذَابِي أَنْتَقِمُ بِكِ مِمَّنْ شِئْتُ وَقَالَ لِلْجَنَّةِ أَنْتِ رَحْمَتِي أَرْحَمُ بِكِ مَنْ شِئْتُ

Paradise and the Fire disputed. Paradise said: The weak and the poor enter me. The Fire said: The tyrants and the arrogant enter me. So He said to the Fire: You are My punishment; through you I take retribution from whom I will. And He said to Paradise: You are My mercy; through you I have mercy on whom I will.

at-Tirmidhī 2561 · ḥasan ṣaḥīḥ (Aḥmad Shākir; al-Albānī; Bashshār ʻAwwād Maʻrūf), isnād ḥasan (Darussalam), ḥasan ṣaḥīḥ (at-Tirmidhī’s own verdict)

From Abū Hurayrah. The Name’s verb said by Allah of Himself, antaqimu, beside arḥamu, I have mercy. Of the records of this dispute in the six editions it is the one with this root: al-Bukhārī 4850 and Muslim 2846b have uʻadhdhibu bika, I punish through you, and al-Bukhārī 7449 uṣību bika. At-Tirmidhī 3340 has the verb in the first person too, an antaqima minhum, in the report of the prophet whose people were given a choice.

Study Notes

Verified — indefinite form attested; definite traditional, thematic caution noted

ShowHide the Study Notes (2,390 words)

CARRIED ON THIS PAGE: sixteen āyāt, four before and twelve appended. 3:4, 32:22, 44:16 and 43:41 are carried here only and unchanged in text. Appended: the three other places dhū ntiqām stands, 5:95 (the close of the āyah), 14:47 and 39:37; the five places the verb is said of Allah in the first person plural, 7:136, 15:79, 30:47, 43:25 and 43:55; and the four places the simple verb is said of people, 5:59, 7:126, 9:74 (a portion) and 85:8. 30:47 is printed whole, and Name 51 prints its close, linked as another portion; 85:8 is printed alone, and Name 50 prints it within 85:7–9, linked as another portion; the other ten are new to the book. The distinct verse count moves from 620 to 631. The page now carries every word of the root.

NAMED HERE BUT NOT CARRIED ON THIS PAGE: none.

CORRECTED ON THE RECORD, THE COUNT: n-q-m on the Tanzil text (count_nqm.py, recreated in toolkit v100; build_N81.py is not in the kit). The window is stated there: these figures are the sweep’s with up to three letters between q and m, where the house window of two gives 40 returns and 23 look-alikes, the seventeen root words the same under both (F-81-P2-01, build 143). 46 returns, 29 look-alikes, listed by reading: anfaqtum and nafaqātihim (n-f-q), aʻnāqihim (ʻ-n-q), naqḍihim (n-q-ḍ), nusqīkum (s-q-y), nudhīqu and its forms (dh-w-q), anqadhakum (n-q-dh), narzuqu (r-z-q), nuqīm (q-w-m), nughriqu, inṭalaqtum, nakhluqukum, inqalabtum, naqṣuṣ, yanquṣūkum and nuqallibuhum. 17 WORDS.

FORM VIII, 13, EVERY ONE OF ALLAH: dhū ntiqām 4 (3:4, 5:95, 14:47, 39:37), each after ʻazīz; the verb 6 (7:136, 15:79, 30:47, 43:25, 43:55, and fa-yantaqimu llāhu at 5:95); muntaqimūn 3 (32:22, 43:41, 44:16). MIN NAMES THE OBJECT in 8 of the 9 verbs and participles; 44:16 stands without it. FORM I, 4, EVERY ONE OF PEOPLE, each followed by illā: 5:59 (the People of the Book), 7:126 (the magicians to Pharaoh), 9:74 (the hypocrites), 85:8 (the people of the ditch). THE DEFINITE AL-MUNTAQIM IS NOT IN THE QURʼAN; the occurrence field, attested, rests on muntaqimūn said of Allah. THE SIX ḤADĪTH EDITIONS, SWEPT FOR THE ROOT: al-muntaqim only in the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507, where it stands between at-tawwāb and al-ʻafuww, and Ibn Mājah 3861 does not carry it; the verb said by Allah of Himself at at-Tirmidhī 2561 (antaqimu biki) and 3340 (an antaqima minhum); said of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ at al-Bukhārī 3560, 6126, 6786 and 6853, Muslim 2327a and 2328a and Abū Dāwūd 4785; fa-ntaqama llāhu minhum yawma Badr at al-Bukhārī 4822, and 44:16 recited in al-Bukhārī 4809 and 4821 and Muslim 2798a and 2798b; niqmah at Muslim 2739, Abū Dāwūd 1545, an-Nasāʼī 1346, Abū Dāwūd 3088 and at-Tirmidhī 3340; the simple verb of people at al-Bukhārī 1468 (Ibn Jamīl resents nothing but that Allah and His Messenger enriched him) and 5276, Ibn Mājah 1568 and 2632, at-Tirmidhī 1073 and Muslim 1828a. Look-alikes in the editions (aʻnāq, naqūm, naqsim, naqdim and others) excluded by reading. Of the records of the dispute of Paradise and the Fire, only at-Tirmidhī 2561 has the root. FOUND / CORRECTED / REMOVED, AS UNVERIFIED: THE ROOT FIELD rested on the desc; now Ibn Fāris. THE DESC said the root first finds a thing blameworthy and punishes only with authority (Ibn Fāris gives disapproval and finding fault, and niqmah named from it; with authority is from no source read, struck); that every human use is a persecutor objecting to something good (false for 5:59 and 9:74; now resentment of nothing but faith or a bounty, all four); that the pairing with al-ʻAzīz fixes Whose hand holds it, and that He does not become wrath (from no source read; aṭ-Ṭabarī at 43:55 glosses āsafūnā as they angered Us); struck. THE REF listed the participle and dhū ntiqām and not the six places the verb is said of Allah, called 44:16 bound, and carried the Tirmidhī 3507 citation against house form; and it said a significant strand of scholarship classes the Name among the restricted Names, which rests on Ibn Taymiyyah (Majmūʻ al-Fatāwā) and Ibn ʻUthaymīn (al-Qawāʻid al-Muthlā) seen only quoted on forum pages; struck as unchecked; the ref rebuilt on the count.

THE FOUR QURʼAN NOTES: the 3:4 note called dhū ntiqām the most title-like form; the 32:22 note read the verse as a door shown and declined; the 44:16 note read the greatest assault from the sūrah’s mood with no commentator, where aṭ-Ṭabarī records Badr and the Resurrection; the 43:41 note carried a live-read remark and the reflection’s argument; all four rewritten from aṭ-Ṭabarī. THE DUʻĀʼ NOTE narrated an empty field and did not say the record has the root in its frame, mā naqamnā minhu shayʼan; rewritten. THE ḤADĪTH NOTES: Muslim 2581’s narrated an earlier form of the page and brought in Name 40; al-Bukhārī 1496’s pointed at the meditation; both rewritten, the recension facts kept (1496 baynahu; Muslim 19a baynahā; al-Bukhārī 2448 fa-innahā laysa baynahā; Muslim 19c without the clause).

ADDED: Muslim 2739 on the Duʻāʼ page, shared exactly with Name 70; al-Bukhārī 6126 and at-Tirmidhī 2561 on the Ḥadīth page, new to the book.

MEDS 81 CORRECTED: it put the magicians’ words of 7:126 in Pharaoh’s mouth, where aṭ-Ṭabarī has the magicians answering Pharaoh; said the participle is never once free-standing (44:16 is) and never counted the verb; gave the restricted-Names view to a serious strand of scholarship (struck); quoted al-Bukhārī 4686, 11:102, al-Bukhārī 1496, Muslim 2581, 7:126, 9:74 and 85:8 in words not the book’s (now the book’s English); quoted uncarried 6:160 and 78:26 (now set as references); said His retribution has never once exceeded (now by His own word, 6:160) and that the enumeration puts the Pardoner after the Avenger (now the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507, which does).

POEMS 81 CORRECTED: stanza 4 said the flood came after 11:36 was revealed and only then did Nūḥ pray against his people; aṭ-Ṭabarī at 11:36 says the revelation came after the prayer of 71:26, and aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk has the prayer after it; the order is no longer asserted. Stanza 5 said the participle always comes bound to its object (44:16 does not), from no one else, and that He is not wrath; now twice with its object named, and the evil deed repaid with its like. 71:10 now in the book’s English (Name 14); one at a time (aṭ-Ṭabarī gives between me and them in secret) and garments over their heads (he gives wrapped themselves in them) aligned. CH 81 read; no change.

READ: the Tanzil text, every hit in its verse. Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs, n-q-m (Hārūn vol. 5 p. 464) and t-w-b (Hārūn vol. 1 p. 357), both in his own text on Shamela. Aṭ-Ṭabarī at 3:4, 5:59, 5:95, 7:126, 7:136, 9:74, 11:36, 14:47, 15:79, 29:14, 30:47, 32:22, 39:37, 43:25, 43:41, 43:55, 44:16, 71:5–11, 71:26 and 85:8, through the tafsir dataset. Letter by letter with their grade rows: Muslim 19a–c, 1828a, 2327a, 2328a, 2581, 2739, 2798a–b and 2846a–c; al-Bukhārī 1468, 1496, 2448, 3560, 4686, 4809, 4821, 4822, 4850, 5276, 6126, 6786, 6853 and 7449; Abū Dāwūd 1545, 3088 and 4785; at-Tirmidhī 1073, 2561, 3340 and 3507; an-Nasāʼī 1346; Ibn Mājah 1568, 2632 and 3861; the six editions swept for the root.

NOT READ: Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn ʻUthaymīn and al-Ghazālī in print.

OPEN: MEDS 81’s reflections (a mercy that cannot be moved to justice; no third category) and POEMS 81’s figures (rain on the table for every year; the case closed by knowledge; the tyrants’ fingers as labour) are the author’s. Whether the occurrence field should stay attested when only the plural participle is in the Qurʼan is left for the author — since closed, as recorded below. An-Nasāʼī 1346, bi-ʻafwika min niqmatika, is named in the Duʻāʼ note and not carried; it bears on Name 82. The English title The Avenger is the author’s.

COHERENCE: Muslim 2739 shared exactly with Name 70, linked both ways, recorded in Name 70’s Study Note. 30:47 linked with Name 51 and 85:8 with Name 50 as other portions, both ways, recorded there. NAMED lines repaired at Name 29 (5:95), Name 59 (5:95) and Name 56 (85:8). Ibn Fāris for t-w-b written into Name 80’s senseNote and Study Note. AFTER THE CHAT-END AUDIT OF 81–85: an-Nasāʼī 1346 stays uncarried by decision: its grade rows give ḍaʻīf isnād (Abū Ghuddah; al-Albānī) and isnād ḥasan (Darussalam), and it reaches the Messenger ﷺ through Kaʻb’s report from the Torah and Ṣuhayb; the Duʻāʼ note already says so. Ibn ʻUthaymīn’s al-Qawāʻid al-Muthlā, in the text as read out in his recorded lesson (alathar.net), establishes the attribute of retribution on the criminals by the explicit verb or description, citing 32:22; a compilation of his tafsīr lessons (kalemtayeb.com) quotes him that al-Muntaqim is not among Allah’s Names and is said of Him only restricted, from the criminals; Ibn Taymiyyah’s Majmūʻ al-Fatāwā is cited on forum pages at 8/96 and 17/95 and was not reached; whether al-Muntaqim is a Name remains owed in a printed edition.

AFTER NAME 89: 9:74 is carried at Name 89 too, with the same Arabic and English, linked exactly.

ON THE AUTHOR’S DECISION, THE ENGLISH TITLE: the author keeps The Avenger, and the desc now says in one clause what the English carries and the Arabic does not: English avenging suggests a private grievance answered, where Ibn Fāris’s origin for this root is disapproving of a thing and finding fault with it, so that the punishment follows the disapproval and is judicial, as aṭ-Ṭabarī’s gloss at 5:95 has it. The word readers know is kept and the difference is stated rather than left to be assumed. The item is closed.

ON THE AUTHOR’S LIST, THE RECORDED GROUP: the list gathers in one place the passages of the creative pages that are the author’s own and are kept, so that no later pass corrects them. The entries at this Name are MEDS 81, a mercy that cannot be moved to justice and no third category, and the figures of POEMS 81, the rain on the table for every one of those years, the case closed by knowledge and not by exhaustion, and the labour of not hearing. The OPEN section already records both pages as the author’s; that record stands, the passages are unchanged, and they stay with him.

ON THE AUTHOR’S LIST, THE ATTESTATION QUESTION: the question was whether dhū ntiqām in construct amounts to attestation, the same question the author settled at Name 93. The root was counted again on the pointed text: seventeen words of n-q-m, twenty-nine look-alikes set aside, and the seventeen partition as this page already gives them — dhū ntiqām four times, each after ʻazīz; the iftiʻāl verb six; muntaqimūn three, every one of Allah, indefinite, in the plural of majesty; and the simple verb four, every one of people. The definite al-Muntaqim stands in no āyah, and in the six editions in one record only, the list at at-Tirmidhī 3507. The two cases differ in one respect and it decides the answer: at Name 93 the construct carries the Name’s own word, Allāhu nūru s-samāwāti wa-l-arḍ, while here the word in construct after dhū is the verbal noun intiqām and the Name’s own participle never stands in construct at all, so construct form attested would be false of this page. Ibn ʻĀshūr reads dhū ntiqām as a description and takes dhū as the word of ownership, marking the retribution as chosen for the good of the servants and not driven by temper; al-Qurṭubī glosses it as from His enemies and adds that among His Names is al-Muntaqim, referring to his own al-Kitāb al-Asnā, which makes the Name his and not the āyah’s. What the count does support is the participle itself, said of Allah three times in the indefinite, with the definite reaching the book through the enumeration — the shape of Name 50, where the definite is not said of Allah in the Qurʼan and the Name-form comes through the same list, and of Name 44, whose own count treats the majestic plural as the form. The status line therefore moves from directly attested, thematic caution noted to indefinite form attested; definite traditional, thematic caution noted, keeping the caution the author put there. Directly attested claimed what this page’s own desc denies in its second sentence. Nothing else on the page changes: the desc, the ref and the occurrence field already say what the count says. BY THE AUTHOR’S DECISION (A6), IN BUILD 145: MEDS 81’s third paragraph reads, in his words, Ten to one in the one direction — a floor beneath it and no ceiling above. Exactly one to one in the other. The dash clause stands with the tenfold and can no longer be read of the retribution, which 6:160 bounds by its like.

IN BUILD 189, FROM THE PHASE 2 READING: Muslim 1828a is carried at Name 77 too, among its reports, in the same Arabic, source and grade; the duʻāʼ here takes Name 77’s English, since waliya is that Name’s word, and each note names the other page.

IN BUILD 205, FROM THE READING OF THE SOURCES ON THE NAME: Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmūʻ al-Fatāwā, read on Shamela at vol. 8, p. 96 and vol. 17, p. 95: al-Muntaqim is not among the Names established in the reports; it comes in the Qurʼan only restricted, as at 32:22, and its meaning is ascribed to Allah; at vol. 8, p. 96 he adds that the report giving the number of the Names, whose list carries it, is not held by those who know the ḥadīth to go back to him. Ibn ʻUthaymīn, al-Qawāʻid al-Muthlā, p. 29, on Shamela: retribution on the criminals is among the attributes established by an explicit verb or description, with 32:22; and his collected fatwas, vol. 1, p. 162, on Shamela: al-Muntaqim is not among the Names, since Allah gives the description of Himself only restricted, over against crime at 32:22, and a Name is perfection needing no restriction; the compilation of his lessons quoted above holds. Al-Ghazālī, al-Maqṣad al-Asnā, p. 139, on Shamela: the One who breaks the backs of the insolent and punishes the criminals, after excuse and warning, enabling and respite, the more severe retribution. Each is read through Shamela’s page reader, not in print; the NOT READ line owes the three in print, and the OPEN line no longer owes them.

العفوNext · Name 82The Pardoner
Al-ʻAfuww