The Ninety-Nine Names99 Names, home
Name 74 of 99
الآخر

The Last

Al-Ākhir

The city under the sand — what outlasts what was built to last.

Meaning

From ʼ-kh-r, which Ibn Fāris gives one origin, the opposite of going forward, taking the analogy from al-Khalīl: al-ākhir is the opposite of the one who goes before; and Ibn Durayd: al-ākhir follows the first. In the Qurʼan ākhir stands 40 times and is said of Allah once, at 57:3, after al-Awwal; 26 times it is the Last Day, 22 of them straight after Allah. The Prophet ﷺ defined the Name himself: You are the Last, so there is nothing after You (Muslim 2713a). Aṭ-Ṭabarī at 57:3: after everything without end, because He is after all things perish.

Root ʼ-kh-r — the opposite of going forward

Counted with the hamzah kept at Name 72 (ʼ-kh-r 250 words), re-asserted here: ākhir 40. Of Allah once (57:3). Al-yawm al-ākhir, the Last Day, 26, among them 33:21. Al-ākhirīn, the later peoples, 10: Ibrāhīm’s tongue of truth among them (26:84), and we left upon him among the later ones, of Nūḥ (37:78), Ibrāhīm (37:108), Mūsā and Hārūn (37:119) and Ilyās (37:129); the later ones among the foremost and those of the right (56:14, 56:40); the first and the last gathered (56:49); a precedent for the later ones (43:56); the later ones made to follow (77:17). The last of their call (10:10), the end of the day (3:72), the last of us (5:114). Ibn Fāris, in his own text: one origin, the opposite of going forward, from al-Khalīl; Ibn Durayd: al-ākhir follows the first. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: at 57:3, after everything without end, because He is after all things perish; at 26:84, a good remembrance remaining among the generations after; at 37:108, praise kept for him among those after him, which Ibn Zayd reads as the answer to 26:84; at 10:10, the last of their supplication is praise; at 53:42, the end and return of all His creation is to your Lord. The six ḥadīth editions: al-ākhir said of Allah in the ten records Name 73 lists, with al-awwal before it in every one. Duʻāʼ: Muslim 2713a. Reports: al-Bukhārī 3191; al-Bukhārī 6921. 55:26–27 and 28:88, shared exactly with Name 96, are carried on the commentary rather than the wording, since no word of the root stands in either. Aṭ-Ṭabarī explains al-Ākhir at 57:3 as after everything without end, because He is after all things perish, and 55:26 is the āyah that says they perish; Ibn Kathīr reads fānin of what is coming and gives ash-Shaʻbī on not stopping between the two verses, and at 28:88 he reaches for this Name and Name 73 in so many words.

Story

They dug for six seasons and brought up a city nobody had heard of. It had been substantial: paved streets, a drainage system better than that of the modern town nearby, a temple with a foundation inscription boasting that the works of the king would stand for ten thousand years.

The archaeologist Nadia read that inscription in the fourth season, sitting in a trench twelve meters below the desert floor, and laughed until she had to stop.

Nobody knew the king’s name. Nobody had known it for perhaps three thousand years, until she brushed the sand off it that morning. His ten thousand years had produced a line of text at the bottom of a hole, read by a tired woman who would herself be forgotten, in a country that had not existed when he ruled.

She was not cynical about it. The city had been real; the people had loved their children and built well. It was only the boast that was absurd — the assumption, which every age makes and every age loses, that this one will be the one that lasts. “Everything here was built by people who thought they were permanent,” she wrote. “Including, I notice, this dig house.”

At the end of the sixth season they backfilled the trenches, which is what you do; open ground weathers and thieves come. Nadia stood at the lip while the spoil went back in over the inscription. It took about four hours to bury what had taken six years to reach. She wrote that evening that she had now personally put the king back under the sand, and that somebody would do the same for her in due course, in a manner of speaking, and that she did not find this a sad thought, though she could not have said why not.

Poem

Physicists describe an ending far past any ending most people picture:
long after the last star burns out,
long after the last black hole finally evaporates, so gradually
it will take longer than the universe has already existed —
a state where nothing moves, nothing changes, nothing happens anymore at all.
Not even light. Not even decay, since decay itself requires something left to decay.

Call this the last possible moment there could ever be.
Even the people describing it run out of verbs to use,
because every verb assumes an after
for the action to have consequences in.

And still — even granting a moment with nothing left to happen in it,
nothing left to end, nothing left to lose —
the question does not close.
Something has to still be true
even at the point where nothing is happening anymore,
or there would be no “nothing is happening” for anything
to be true of.

That is Al-Ākhir: not the last flicker — the One after whom there is nothing.
He is not a truth left standing when the events run out,
not a remainder the arithmetic of the world failed to consume.
He is the Living, who does not die.
And what lies past the end of everything you can picture
is not an emptiness. It is Him, and a Day, and a meeting.

Reflection

The Far Side

The verse does not stop where the last chapter stopped. “He is the First and the Last” (57:3) — one sentence, two Names, and the Prophet ﷺ gave both in a single breath: You are the First, so there is nothing before You; You are the Last, so there is nothing after You. Notice that Allah does not become the Last at some point in the future. He is Last now, exactly as He is First now. Both are true of Him while you are reading this.

What ends is everything else. “Everyone upon it is perishing. And there remains the Face of your Lord, Possessor of Majesty and Generosity” (55:26–27). The word the Qurʼan uses for what remains is not survival — surviving is what creatures do, hanging on at the edge of a thing that nearly took them. Nothing nearly takes Allah. He is not the last one standing at the end of a long contest; He is the One the contest was happening inside the permission of.

The archaeologist in the story found the whole difficulty carved into a foundation stone: a king’s works would stand for ten thousand years. She read it twelve meters down, brushing sand off a name nobody had spoken in three millennia, and laughed until she had to stop. Then she wrote the line that indicts every age including ours — everything here was built by people who thought they were permanent, including, she noticed, the dig house she was sitting in. At the end of the season she buried the king again. It took four hours to undo six years.

Do not turn this Name into a picture of emptiness. The mind reaches for a final darkness, a universe run down, some last cold silence with Allah abstractly persisting in it like a theorem nobody is left to read. That is not what is coming. Allah is not a fact that outlasts the world; He is the Living, and what lies past the end of all this is not a vacuum but a Day, a standing, a reckoning, and a meeting. This world ends. Then the real one starts, and He is there — not as a survivor, but as the Host.

Which changes what to do with everything you love, and it is not detachment. You are not being asked to hold your life loosely as a technique, or to practice letting go until the losses stop hurting. You are being asked to get the order right: love the temporary things as temporary — your parents, your children, your work, your health — and love Allah as the One who is not. And take the consolation that is actually in this Name: whoever outlives you is not the last one who will know you. There is no point in the future at which you pass out of His attention. The buried king in the story is not forgotten. He is merely forgotten by us.

So say both halves tonight as they were given, First and Last together, and then ask Him about your debts, the way the supplication does. Everything you are afraid of losing, He is already on the far side of. And the same verse has two Names left in it. Having placed Him at both ends of time, it turns to place Him in relation to everything visible and everything concealed. That is what follows: Aẓ-Ẓāhir, the Manifest.

Whatever is last, He is after it.

Qurʼan

هُوَ الْأَوَّلُ وَالْآخِرُ وَالظَّاهِرُ وَالْبَاطِنُ ۖ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ

He is the First and the Last, the Manifest and the Hidden, and He has knowledge of all things.

57:3 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

The four Names in one āyah, printed at each of Names 73 to 76. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: al-Ākhir, after everything without end; said so because He was when nothing existed besides Him, and He is after all things perish, as He said, everything perishes except His Face. It is the one place in the Qurʼan ākhir is said of Allah, and it stands after al-Awwal.

وَأَنَّ إِلَىٰ رَبِّكَ الْمُنتَهَىٰ

And that to your Lord is the final end.

53:42 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Al-muntahā is from n-h-y, not this Name’s root; it is kept for the end it names. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: to your Lord, Muḥammad, is the end and the return of all His creation, and He requites them all for their deeds, the righteous and the corrupt, the doer of good and the doer of evil.

دَعْوَاهُمْ فِيهَا سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَتَحِيَّتُهُمْ فِيهَا سَلَامٌ ۚ وَآخِرُ دَعْوَاهُمْ أَنِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ

Their call in it is: Glory be to You, O Allah; their greeting in it: Peace; and the last of their call: that praise belongs to Allah, Lord of the worlds.

10:10 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Ākhir said of the call of the people of Paradise. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: the last of their supplication is that they say, praise belongs to Allah, Lord of the worlds.

وَاجْعَلْ لِي لِسَانَ صِدْقٍ فِي الْآخِرِينَ

And grant me a tongue of truth among the later ones.

26:84 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Ibrāhīm’s supplication: al-ākhirīn, the later peoples. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: grant me among people a good remembrance and fair praise, remaining among the generations that come after me.

وَتَرَكْنَا عَلَيْهِ فِي الْآخِرِينَ

And We left upon him among the later ones:

37:108 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Said of Ibrāhīm, in the words said at 37:78 of Nūḥ, at 37:119 of Mūsā and Hārūn and at 37:129 of Ilyās; 37:109 follows, peace be upon Ibrāhīm. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: We kept fair praise for him among those after him until the Day of Resurrection. Ibn Zayd, in aṭ-Ṭabarī: Ibrāhīm asked, grant me a tongue of truth among the later ones, and Allah left fair praise upon him among the later ones.

لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِمَنْ كَانَ يَرْجُو اللَّهَ وَالْيَوْمَ الْآخِرَ وَذَكَرَ اللَّهَ كَثِيرًا

There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah an excellent example, for whoever hopes for Allah and the Last Day and remembers Allah much.

33:21 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Al-yawm al-ākhir, the Last Day, the commonest use of this Name’s word in the Qurʼan, 26 times. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: whoever hopes for Allah’s reward and mercy in the Hereafter does not hold himself back from him, but takes him as an example in being with him wherever he is.

قُلْ إِنَّ الْأَوَّلِينَ وَالْآخِرِينَ

Say: Truly the first and the last

56:49 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Shared with Name 73. Al-ākhirīn beside al-awwalīn, the plural pair of Names 73 and 74, said of all people; the āyah runs on into 56:50, which Name 87 prints with it. Aṭ-Ṭabarī: the first of your fathers and the last, you and others, are gathered to the appointed time of a known Day, the Day of Resurrection.

كُلُّ مَنْ عَلَيْهَا فَانٍ ۝ وَيَبْقَىٰ وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ

Everyone upon it is perishing. And there remains the Face of your Lord, Possessor of Majesty and Generosity.

55:26–27 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Shared with Name 96, which carries it for al-Bāqī, and linked with Name 85, which prints the two āyāt apart. It belongs here because it is the ground of this Name’s own gloss: aṭ-Ṭabarī explains al-Ākhir at 57:3 as after everything without end, because He is after all things perish — and this is the āyah that says they perish. No word of this root stands in it. Ibn Kathīr reads fānin of what is coming, all of them will go and die, and gives ash-Shaʻbī: when you recite the first verse, do not stop until you recite the second.

كُلُّ شَيْءٍ هَالِكٌ إِلَّا وَجْهَهُ

Everything is perishing except His Face.

28:88 (Qurʼan, opens quran.com)

Shared with Name 96. Carried here for the same reason as 55:26–27 and on the strength of the commentary rather than the wording: Ibn Kathīr, glossing this āyah, reaches for these two Names in so many words — every deed is void except what was meant for Allah, and every self passes away except His, for He is the First and the Last. No word of this root stands in it either. What the Name says of Allah, these two āyāt say of everything else.

Dua

أَنتَ الْأَوَّلُ فَلَيْسَ قَبْلَكَ شَيْءٌ وَأَنتَ الْآخِرُ فَلَيْسَ بَعْدَكَ شَيْءٌ وَأَنتَ الظَّاهِرُ فَلَيْسَ فَوْقَكَ شَيْءٌ وَأَنتَ الْبَاطِنُ فَلَيْسَ دُونَكَ شَيْءٌ

You are the First, so there is nothing before You; You are the Last, so there is nothing after You; You are the Manifest, so there is nothing above You; You are the Hidden, so there is nothing nearer than You.

Muslim 2713a · ṣaḥīḥ

From Abū Hurayrah; its occasions in Muslim 2713a, 2713b and 2713c, and its place in the whole supplication, are given at Name 73. You are the Last, so there is nothing after You is the Prophet’s ﷺ own definition of this Name. In the six ḥadīth editions al-ākhir is said of Allah only after al-awwal.

Hadith

كَانَ اللَّهُ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْءٌ غَيْرُهُ

Allah existed, and there was nothing else besides Him.

al-Bukhārī 3191 · ṣaḥīḥ

From ʻImrān ibn Ḥuṣayn: people of Yemen came asking about this matter, and the Prophet ﷺ answered: Allah was, and there was nothing other than Him, and His Throne was upon the water. It has no word of this root and speaks of what was before creation; it is printed here as at Name 73, which also gives al-Bukhārī 7418’s wording, nothing before Him.

مَنْ أَحْسَنَ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ لَمْ يُؤَاخَذْ بِمَا عَمِلَ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَمَنْ أَسَاءَ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ أُخِذَ بِالْأَوَّلِ وَالْآخِرِ

Whoever does well in Islam is not taken to account for what he did in the Jāhiliyyah, and whoever does evil in Islam is taken to account for the first and the last.

al-Bukhārī 6921; Muslim 120b · ṣaḥīḥ (muttafaq ʻalayh)

Shared with Name 73. From Ibn Masʻūd: a man asked whether they would be taken to account for what they did in the Jāhiliyyah. Al-awwal and al-ākhir are said of a man’s deeds, before Islam and in it.

Study Notes

Verified — directly attested

ShowHide the Study Notes (1,599 words)

120 OK, SECOND PASS.

CARRIED ON THIS PAGE: NINE āyāt, seven before and two appended; ONE duʻāʼ, unchanged; TWO reports, unchanged. APPENDED, BOTH EXACT SHARES WITH NAME 96 and both now linked reciprocally: 55:26–27 and 28:88. THIS REF HAS NAMED BOTH FOR AS LONG AS IT HAS EXISTED WITHOUT THE PAGE EVER PRINTING THEM. They are carried on the strength of the COMMENTARY, not the wording — no word of this root stands in either — and they are THE GROUND OF THIS NAME’S OWN GLOSS: aṭ-Ṭabarī explains al-Ākhir at 57:3 as after everything without end, BECAUSE HE IS AFTER ALL THINGS PERISH, and 55:26 is the āyah that says they perish. Ibn Kathīr reads fānin of what is coming, all of them will go and die, and gives ash-Shaʻbī: when you recite the first verse, do not stop until you recite the second. At 28:88 Ibn Kathīr reaches for THIS NAME AND NAME 73 in so many words — every deed is void except what was meant for Allah, and every self passes away except His, FOR HE IS THE FIRST AND THE LAST. What the Name says of Allah, these two āyāt say of everything else. NOTHING ELSE WAS ADDED, AND THE REASONS ARE ON THE RECORD. The duʻāʼ stands at ONE because it is Muslim 2713a — anta l-ākhiru fa-laysa baʻdaka shayʼ, the Prophet’s ﷺ own definition of this Name — and there is no second. In the six editions al-ākhir is said of Allah ONLY in the ten records listed at Name 73, with al-awwal before it in every one; both reports carried here are from that set and both are ṣaḥīḥ. Texts taken from the entries at Name 96, already verified in this book; checked 18 September 2026. Both additions are appends, so no existing sub-item index moved. THE FIRST PASS RECORD FOLLOWS.

CARRIED ON THIS PAGE: seven āyāt, two before and five appended. 57:3 is shared with Names 73, 75 and 76, and 53:42 is carried here only, both unchanged in text. Appended and new to the book: 10:10, 26:84, 37:108 and 33:21. Appended and shared exactly with Name 73: 56:49. With them the page carries the one place ākhir is said of Allah, the Last Day beside hope in Allah (33:21), the later peoples in Ibrāhīm’s supplication and its answer (26:84, 37:108), the plural pair of Names 73 and 74 (56:49), and the last of the call of the people of Paradise (10:10). The distinct verse count moves from 602 to 606.

NAMED HERE BUT NOT CARRIED ON THIS PAGE: 5:114, carried at Name 73; 56:50, carried at Name 87; 37:78, 37:119, 37:129, 56:14, 56:40, 43:56, 77:17, 3:72 and 37:109, all carried at NO Name.

CORRECTED ON THE RECORD, THE COUNT: ʼ-kh-r was counted at Name 72 with the hamzah kept (250 words, look-alikes named there), and build_N74.py re-asserts this Name’s part on the pointed text. ĀKHIR STANDS 40 TIMES. SAID OF ALLAH ONCE, AT 57:3, AFTER AL-AWWAL. AL-YAWM AL-ĀKHIR, THE LAST DAY, 26 (2:8, 2:62, 2:126, 2:177, 2:228, 2:232, 2:264, 3:114, 4:38, 4:39, 4:59, 4:136, 4:162, 5:69, 9:18, 9:19, 9:29, 9:44, 9:45, 9:99, 24:2, 29:36, 33:21, 58:22, 60:6, 65:2). AL-ĀKHIRĪN, THE LATER PEOPLES, 10: Ibrāhīm’s tongue of truth among them (26:84); we left upon him among the later ones, four times, of Nūḥ (37:78), Ibrāhīm (37:108), Mūsā and Hārūn (37:119) and Ilyās (37:129); the later ones among the foremost and among the companions of the right (56:14, 56:40); the first and the last gathered (56:49); a precedent for the later ones (43:56); the later ones made to follow (77:17). THE LAST OF THEIR CALL (10:10), THE END OF THE DAY (3:72), THE LAST OF US (5:114). So the Name is said of Allah once in the Qurʼan, and the word is most often the Day. THE SIX ḤADĪTH EDITIONS: al-ākhir is said of Allah in the ten records Name 73 lists, and al-awwal stands before it in every one; swept again for anta l-ākhir and huwa l-ākhir, the only other hits are kānat al-ākhiratu (at-Tirmidhī 2465, Ibn Mājah 4105), the Hereafter. So in the six editions neither Name is said of Allah without the other. FOUND / CORRECTED / REMOVED, AS UNVERIFIED: THE ROOT FIELD WAS EMPTY in every part; now Ibn Fāris in his own text. IBN FĀRIS FOR ʼ-KH-R, OWED SINCE NAME 72, IS REACHED: Shamela, the Hārūn edition, vol. 1 p. 70, opened from a link inside another fetched Shamela page. Name 72’s ref and senseNote, which said he was not reached, now give his origin, and its Study Note records it. THE DESC said He is Last now as He is First now, that the two Names are one statement about a Being whom time does not contain, that nothing that ends takes Him with it and no promise of His expires with the world, none of it from a source read; struck; and it quoted 55:26–27 in words that are not the book’s English. The desc now rests on Ibn Fāris, the count, the Prophet’s ﷺ own definition in Muslim 2713a, and aṭ-Ṭabarī at 57:3. THE REF quoted 57:3 as and He is, of all things, Knowing, 55:26–27 and 28:88 in words not the book’s English, and carried Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2713a against house form; rebuilt. THE 57:3 NOTE rested on the story’s buried king; rewritten from aṭ-Ṭabarī. THE 53:42 NOTE glossed al-muntahā from no source, said this Name is the one the wa-anna clauses arrive at, and did not say al-muntahā is n-h-y, another root; rewritten from aṭ-Ṭabarī, with the root disclosed. THE AL-BUKHĀRĪ 3191 NOTE said ghayrahu establishes that nothing outside Him can fail Him at the far end, an inference from no source, and gave Ibn Taymiyyah, with al-Ḥākim concurring, a preference for qablahu; neither was read; struck as unchecked, as at Name 73. THE DUʻĀʼ NOTE only pointed to Name 73; rewritten.

ADDED: al-Bukhārī 6921 with Muslim 120b, shared exactly with Name 73, where al-awwal and al-ākhir are said of a man’s deeds. MEDS 74 quoted 55:26–27 in words that are not the book’s English; now Name 96’s English. POEMS 74 read and not changed: the far-future universe of evaporated black holes is a real cosmological picture, and its lines that nothing moves and not even light remains are figure for that state, recorded and left. CH 74 read and not changed; the meditation’s retelling agrees with it (twelve meters, three millennia, six seasons, about four hours).

READ: the Tanzil text, every ākhir in its verse. Ibn Fāris, Maqāyīs al-Lugha, ʼ-kh-r, in his own text (Shamela, the Hārūn edition, vol. 1 p. 70): one origin to which its branches return, the opposite of going forward, an analogy taken from al-Khalīl, who said al-ākhir is the opposite of the one who goes before; ākhirat ar-raḥl against its front; a sale bi-akhiratin, on deferred payment; ukhar the plural of ukhrā; and Ibn Durayd’s al-ākhir follows the first, which he says fits the phrases the last of the two men and the other better. Aṭ-Ṭabarī at 10:10, 26:84, 33:21, 37:108, 53:42 and 57:3, and at 56:49 as read at Name 73; through the tafsir dataset. Letter by letter with their grade rows: Muslim 2713a; al-Bukhārī 3191 and 6921; Muslim 120b; at-Tirmidhī 2465; Ibn Mājah 4105; the ten records of Name 73; the six editions swept for al-ākhir.

NOT READ: al-Ghazālī’s al-Maqṣad al-Asnā.

OPEN: MEDS 74 says He is not the last one standing at the end of a contest and that what lies past the end is a Day and a meeting, and POEMS 74 closes the same way; these are reflections the author wrote on the Qurʼan’s promise and are left. The Duʻāʼ and 3191 links among Names 73 to 76 are p with identical Arabic, the paired-Names convention; left.

COHERENCE: 57:3 unchanged and shared with Names 73, 75 and 76. 56:49 and al-Bukhārī 6921 with Muslim 120b shared exactly with Name 73, linked both ways. Name 72’s ref and senseNote now cite Ibn Fāris as read here.

AFTER NAME 89: Name 89 carries the close of Muslim 2713a, iqḍi ʻannā d-dayna wa-aghninā mina l-faqr, linked as another portion.

AFTER NAME 96: Name 96 carries the clause anta l-ākhiru fa-laysa baʻdaka shayʼ of Muslim 2713a, linked as another portion; and Name 96 now prints 55:26–27 in Name 85’s English, Everyone upon it is perishing, which the meditation here now quotes.

ON THE AUTHOR’S LIST, THE TITLE AND THE RENDERINGS: Name 85 now reads The Lord of Majesty and Honour while the āyāt, the supplications and the reports still read Possessor of Majesty and Generosity. All twenty places were found and weighed one at a time, and every one of them is the book’s own rendering of a verse or of a report and not the book’s own prose; so none of them follows the title, nothing was changed, and whether that English should follow the title stays with the author. At this Name there are two, 55:26–27 on the Qurʼan page and the meditation’s quotation of the same two āyāt with their number, both in the English Names 41, 85 and 96 print.

IN BUILD 187, FROM THE PHASE 2 READING: the desc counts the Last Day 22 times straight after Allah, 2:8 with the preposition repeated among them, where it gave 21 in the words Allah and the Last Day, the exact collocation alone; the ref’s stale sentence on 55:26–27 and 28:88 is struck and the other no longer narrates the page; the 55:26–27 note no longer narrates the page; BY THE AUTHOR’S DEFAULT (A73): the meditation gives Muslim 2713a in the book’s English.

الظاهرNext · Name 75The Manifest
Aẓ-Ẓāhir